一文详解各种ElasticSearch查询在Java中的实现

  目录

  以下为摘录自用,非本人撰写

  本文基于elasticsearch 7.13.2版本,es从7.0以后,发生了很大的更新。7.3以后,已经不推荐使用TransportClient这个client,取而代之的是Java High Level REST Client。

  01 测试使用的数据示例

  首先是,Mysql中的部分测试数据:

  Mysql中的一行数据在ES中以一个文档形式存在:

  {

  "_index" : "person",

  "_type" : "_doc",

  "_id" : "4",

  "_score" : 1.0,

  "_source" : {

  "address" : "峨眉山",

  "modifyTime" : "2021-06-29 19:46:25",

  "createTime" : "2021-05-14 11:37:07",

  "sect" : "峨嵋派",

  "sex" : "男",

  "skill" : "降龙十八掌",

  "name" : "宋青书",

  "id" : 4,

  "power" : 50,

  "age" : 21

  }

  }

  简单梳理了一下ES JavaAPI的相关体系,感兴趣的可以自己研读一下源码。

  接下来,我们用十几个实例,迅速上手ES的查询操作,每个示例将提供SQL语句、ES语句和Java代码。

  02 词条查询

  所谓词条查询,也就是ES不会对查询条件进行分词处理,只有当词条和查询字符串完全匹配时,才会被查询到。

  2.1 等值查询-term

  等值查询,即筛选出一个字段等于特定值的所有记录。

  SQL:

  select * from person where name = '张无忌';

  而使用ES查询语句却很不一样(注意查询字段带上keyword):

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "term": {

  "name.keyword": {

  "value": "张无忌",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  }

  ElasticSearch 5.0以后,string类型有重大变更,移除了string类型,string字段被拆分成两种新的数据类型: text用于全文搜索的,而keyword用于关键词搜索。

  查询结果:

  {

  "took" : 0,

  "timed_out" : false,

  "_shards" : { // 分片信息

  "total" : 1, // 总计分片数

  "successful" : 1, // 查询成功的分片数

  "skipped" : 0, // 跳过查询的分片数

  "failed" : 0 // 查询失败的分片数

  },

  "hits" : { // 命中结果

  "total" : {

  "value" : 1, // 数量

  "relation" : "eq" // 关系:等于

  },

  "max_score" : 2.8526313, // 最高分数

  "hits" : [

  {

  "_index" : "person", // 索引

  "_type" : "_doc", // 类型

  "_id" : "1",

  "_score" : 2.8526313,

  "_source" : {

  "address" : "光明顶",

  "modifyTime" : "2021-06-29 16:48:56",

  "createTime" : "2021-05-14 16:50:33",

  "sect" : "明教",

  "sex" : "男",

  "skill" : "九阳神功",

  "name" : "张无忌",

  "id" : 1,

  "power" : 99,

  "age" : 18

  }

  }

  ]

  }

  }

  Java 中构造 ES 请求的方式:(后续例子中只保留 SearchSourceBuilder 的构建语句)

  /**

  * term精确查询

  *

  * @throws IOException

  */

  @Autowired

  private RestHighLevelClient client;

  @Test

  public void queryTerm() throws IOException {

  // 根据索引创建查询请求

  SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termQuery("name.keyword", "张无忌"));

  System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder=====================" + searchSourceBuilder);

  searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder);

  SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

  System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));

  }

  仔细观察查询结果,会发现ES查询结果中会带有这一项,ES会根据结果匹配程度进行评分。打分是会耗费性能的,如果确认自己的查询不需要评分,就设置查询语句关闭评分:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "constant_score": {

  "filter": {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "张无忌",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java构建查询语句:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 这样构造的查询条件,将不进行score计算,从而提高查询效率

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.constantScoreQuery(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教")));

  2.2 多值查询-terms

  多条件查询类似 Mysql 里的IN 查询,例如:

  select * from persons where sect in('明教','武当派');

  ES查询语句:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "terms": {

  "sect.keyword": [

  "明教",

  "武当派"

  ],

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java 实现:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termsQuery("sect.keyword", Arrays.asList("明教", "武当派")));

  }

  2.3 范围查询-range

  范围查询,即查询某字段在特定区间的记录。

  SQL:

  select * from pesons where age between 18 and 22;

  ES查询语句:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "range": {

  "age": {

  "from": 10,

  "to": 20,

  "include_lower": true,

  "include_upper": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java构建查询条件:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(10).lte(30));

  }

  2.4 前缀查询-prefix

  前缀查询类似于SQL中的模糊查询。

  SQL:

  select * from persons where sect like '武当%';

  ES查询语句:

  {

  "query": {

  "prefix": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "武当",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java构建查询条件:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.prefixQuery("sect.keyword","武当"));

  }

  2.5 通配符查询-wildcard

  通配符查询,与前缀查询类似,都属于模糊查询的范畴,但通配符显然功能更强。

  SQL:

  select * from persons where name like '张%忌';

  ES查询语句:

  {

  "query": {

  "wildcard": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "wildcard": "张*忌",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java构建查询条件:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.wildcardQuery("sect.keyword","张*忌"));

  03 负责查询

  前面的例子都是单个条件查询,在实际应用中,我们很有可能会过滤多个值或字段。先看一个简单的例子:

  select * from persons where sex = '女' and sect = '明教';

  这样的多条件等值查询,就要借用到组合过滤器了,其查询语句是:

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "must": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex": {

  "value": "女",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  {

  "term": {

  "sect.keywords": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java构造查询语句:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))

  );

  3.1 布尔查询

  布尔过滤器(bool filter)属于复合过滤器(compound filter)的一种 ,可以接受多个其他过滤器作为参数,并将这些过滤器结合成各式各样的布尔(逻辑)组合。

  bool 过滤器下可以有4种子条件,可以任选其中任意一个或多个。filter是比较特殊的,这里先不说。

  {

  "bool" : {

  "must" : [],

  "should" : [],

  "must_not" : [],

  }

  }

  精度控制:

  所有 must 语句必须匹配,所有 must_not 语句都必须不匹配,但有多少 should 语句应该匹配呢?默认情况下,没有 should 语句是必须匹配的,只有一个例外:那就是当没有 must 语句的时候,至少有一个 should 语句必须匹配。

  我们可以通过 minimum_should_match 参数控制需要匹配的 should 语句的数量,它既可以是一个绝对的数字,又可以是个百分比:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "must": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex": {

  "value": "女",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "should": [

  {

  "term": {

  "address.keyword": {

  "value": "峨眉山",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "minimum_should_match": "1",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java构建查询语句:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))

  .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("address.word", "峨眉山"))

  .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))

  .minimumShouldMatch(1)

  );

  最后,看一个复杂些的例子,将bool的各子句联合使用:

  select * from persons where sex = '女' and age between 30 and 40 and sect != '明教' and (address = '峨眉山' OR skill = '暗器')

  用 Elasticsearch 来表示上面的 SQL 例子:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "must": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex": {

  "value": "女",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  {

  "range": {

  "age": {

  "from": 30,

  "to": 40,

  "include_lower": true,

  "include_upper": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "must_not": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "should": [

  {

  "term": {

  "address.keyword": {

  "value": "峨眉山",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  {

  "term": {

  "skill.keyword": {

  "value": "暗器",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "minimum_should_match": "1",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  用Java构建这个查询条件:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  BoolQueryBuilder boolQueryBuilder = QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))

  .must(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(30).lte(40))

  .mustNot(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))

  .should(QueryBuilders.termQuery("address.keyword", "峨眉山"))

  .should(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("power.keyword").gte(50).lte(80))

  .minimumShouldMatch(1); // 设置should至少需要满足几个条件

  // 将BoolQueryBuilder构建到SearchSourceBuilder中

  searchSourceBuilder.query(boolQueryBuilder);

  3.2 Filter查询

  query和filter的区别:query查询的时候,会先比较查询条件,然后计算分值,最后返回文档结果;而filter是先判断是否满足查询条件,如果不满足会缓存查询结果(记录该文档不满足结果),满足的话,就直接缓存结果,filter不会对结果进行评分,能够提高查询效率。

  filter的使用方式比较多样,下面用几个例子演示一下。

  方式一,单独使用:

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "filter": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex": {

  "value": "男",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  单独使用时,filter与must基本一样,不同的是filter不计算评分,效率更高。

  Java构建查询语句:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .filter(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "男"))

  );

  方式二,和must、must_not同级,相当于子查询:

  select * from (select * from persons where sect = '明教')) a where sex = '女';

  ES查询语句:

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "must": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "filter": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex": {

  "value": "女",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))

  .filter(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex", "女"))

  );

  方式三,将must、must_not置于filter下,这种方式是最常用的:

  {

  "query": {

  "bool": {

  "filter": [

  {

  "bool": {

  "must": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  {

  "range": {

  "age": {

  "from": 20,

  "to": 35,

  "include_lower": true,

  "include_upper": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "must_not": [

  {

  "term": {

  "sex.keyword": {

  "value": "女",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  ],

  "adjust_pure_negative": true,

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 构建查询语句

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .filter(QueryBuilders.boolQuery()

  .must(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"))

  .must(QueryBuilders.rangeQuery("age").gte(20).lte(35))

  .mustNot(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sex.keyword", "女")))

  );

  04 聚合查询

  接下来,我们将用一些案例演示ES聚合查询。

  4.1 最值、平均值、求和

  案例:查询最大年龄、最小年龄、平均年龄。

  SQL:

  select max(age) from persons;

  ES:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "aggregations": {

  "max_age": {

  "max": {

  "field": "age"

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  @Autowired

  private RestHighLevelClient client;

  @Test

  public void maxQueryTest() throws IOException {

  // 聚合查询条件

  AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.max("max_age").field("age");

  SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 将聚合查询条件构建到SearchSourceBuilder中

  searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);

  System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder----->" + searchSourceBuilder);

  searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder);

  // 执行查询,获取SearchResponse

  SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

  System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));

  }

  使用聚合查询,结果中默认只会返回10条文档数据(当然我们关心的是聚合的结果,而非文档)。返回多少条数据可以自主控制:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "size": 20,

  "aggregations": {

  "max_age": {

  "max": {

  "field": "age"

  }

  }

  }

  }

  而Java中只需增加下面一条语句即可:

  searchSourceBuilder.size(20);

  与max类似,其他统计查询也很简单:

  AggregationBuilder minBuilder = AggregationBuilders.min("min_age").field("age");

  AggregationBuilder avgBuilder = AggregationBuilders.avg("min_age").field("age");

  AggregationBuilder sumBuilder = AggregationBuilders.sum("min_age").field("age");

  AggregationBuilder countBuilder = AggregationBuilders.count("min_age").field("age");

  4.2 去重查询

  案例:查询一共有多少个门派。

  SQL:

  select count(distinct sect) from persons;

  ES:

  {

  "aggregations": {

  "sect_count": {

  "cardinality": {

  "field": "sect.keyword"

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  @Test

  public void cardinalityQueryTest() throws IOException {

  // 创建某个索引的request

  SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");

  // 查询条件

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 聚合查询

  AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.cardinality("sect_count").field("sect.keyword");

  searchSourceBuilder.size(0);

  // 将聚合查询构建到查询条件中

  searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);

  System.out.println("searchSourceBuilder----->" + searchSourceBuilder);

  searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder);

  // 执行查询,获取结果

  SearchResponse response = client.search(searchRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT);

  System.out.println(JSONObject.toJSON(response));

  }

  4.3 分组聚合

  4.3.1 单条件分组

  案例:查询每个门派的人数

  SQL:

  select sect,count(id) from mytest.persons group by sect;

  ES:

  {

  "size": 0,

  "aggregations": {

  "sect_count": {

  "terms": {

  "field": "sect.keyword",

  "size": 10,

  "min_doc_count": 1,

  "shard_min_doc_count": 0,

  "show_term_doc_count_error": false,

  "order": [

  {

  "_count": "desc"

  },

  {

  "_key": "asc"

  }

  ]

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  searchSourceBuilder.size(0);

  // 按sect分组

  AggregationBuilder aggBuilder = AggregationBuilders.terms("sect_count").field("sect.keyword");

  searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(aggBuilder);

  4.3.2 多条件分组

  案例:查询每个门派各有多少个男性和女性

  SQL:

  select sect,sex,count(id) from mytest.persons group by sect,sex;

  ES:

  {

  "aggregations": {

  "sect_count": {

  "terms": {

  "field": "sect.keyword",

  "size": 10

  },

  "aggregations": {

  "sex_count": {

  "terms": {

  "field": "sex.keyword",

  "size": 10

  }

  }

  }

  }

  }

  }

  4.4 过滤聚合

  前面所有聚合的例子请求都省略了 query ,整个请求只不过是一个聚合。这意味着我们对全部数据进行了聚合,但现实应用中,我们常常对特定范围的数据进行聚合,例如下例。

  案例:查询明教中的最大年龄。这涉及到聚合与条件查询一起使用。

  SQL:

  select max(age) from mytest.persons where sect = '明教';

  ES:

  GET /person/_search

  {

  "query": {

  "term": {

  "sect.keyword": {

  "value": "明教",

  "boost": 1.0

  }

  }

  },

  "aggregations": {

  "max_age": {

  "max": {

  "field": "age"

  }

  }

  }

  }

  Java:

  SearchRequest searchRequest = new SearchRequest("person");

  SearchSourceBuilder searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder();

  // 聚合查询条件

  AggregationBuilder maxBuilder = AggregationBuilders.max("max_age").field("age");

  // 等值查询

  searchSourceBuilder.query(QueryBuilders.termQuery("sect.keyword", "明教"));

  searchSourceBuilder.aggregation(maxBuilder);

  另外还有一些更复杂的查询例子。

  案例:查询0-20,21-40,41-60,61以上的各有多少人。

  SQL:

  select

  sum(case when age<=20 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup1,

  sum(case when age >20 and age <=40 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup2,

  sum(case when age >40 and age <=60 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup3,

  sum(case when age >60 and age <=200 then 1 else 0 end) ageGroup4

  from

  mytest.persons;

  ES:

  {

  "size": 0,

  "aggregations": {

  "age_avg": {

  "range": {

  "field": "age",

  "ranges": [

  {

  "from": 0.0,

  "to": 20.0

  },

  {

  "from": 21.0,

  "to": 40.0

  },

  {

  "from": 41.0,

  "to": 60.0

  },

  {

  "from": 61.0,

  "to": 200.0

  }

  ],

  "keyed": false

  }

  }

  }

  }

  查询结果:

  "aggregations" : {

  "age_avg" : {

  "buckets" : [

  {

  "key" : "0.0-20.0",

  "from" : 0.0,

  "to" : 20.0,

  "doc_count" : 3

  },

  {

  "key" : "21.0-40.0",

  "from" : 21.0,

  "to" : 40.0,

  "doc_count" : 13

  },

  {

  "key" : "41.0-60.0",

  "from" : 41.0,

  "to" : 60.0,

  "doc_count" : 4

  },

  {

  "key" : "61.0-200.0",

  "from" : 61.0,

  "to" : 200.0,

  "doc_count" : 1

  }

  ]

  }

  }

  总结

  到此这篇关于ElasticSearch查询在Java中实现的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Java实现ES查询内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家!

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